1969. Women feel unhappy because of no prior understanding with the members of that family. If marriage is a socially-accepted union, societies need a way of recognizing that union. Exogamous marriage or exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. migration For example, an incompatible activity arises if a mother needs to work on her agricultural fields for much of the day, but her children need to be cared for at home. These are most often the locus of exogamy; marrying a member of ones own clan or moiety typically constitutes a form of incest. marriage The neighboring villagers in the community bring presents for the bride for these three days, and then the grooms paternal aunts engage in a ceremonial fight against the bride with mud, which is blocked by the grooms maternal kin. Note that the relationship between pathogen stress, although significant, is very weak. Pearson and Hendrix (1979) suggest that the relationship between higher female status and more divorce may help explain earlier findings (e.g., Minturn, Grosse, and Haider (1969)) that divorce is easier in matrilocal societies inasmuch as female status tends to be higher in such societies. What might explain why matrilocal societies generally lack substantial transactions to the grooms kin in contrast to considerable transactions to the wifes kin with patrilocality? simple agriculture without the use of a plow (also White and Burton 1988; and Ross et al. Some societies frown on cousin marriage so much that even distant cousins are forbidden. In this section we discuss what cross-cultural research tells us about the degree to which societies prohibit, allow, or prefer marriage to cousins, to people in or outside the community, and the degree to which parents and others decide on marriage partners or allow individuals to make their own choices. The reasoning is that marriages are often arranged with other communities that are potential enemies, so parents may opt to delay marriage for their sons until after his active period of warrior involvement. 1972. Exogamous marriage or exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. Disclosure:Please note that some of the links in this post are affiliate links. According to this theory, groups that engaged in exogamy would flourish, while those that did not would all die, either literally or because they lacked sufficient ties for cultural and economic exchange, leaving them at a disadvantage. The Komachi, pastoral nomads of southern Iran, preferred marriage with kin who were no more distant than second cousins and about 70% were with first cousins (Bradburd 1990, 115). Finally, the sexual competition argument points to the greater conflict among human males as compared to non-human primates. Substantial transactions make it more difficult to marry which increases the impetus to practice stealing a bride (although sometimes this is with her approval). Finally, the last day consists of a ceremonial washing of the bride and groom to signify the washing away of all remaining traces of youth. The washing is followed by the couples hair being tied into a single knot (Geertz and Lomatuway 1987). more alloparental care (childcare provided by someone who is not a parent) (Quinlan and Quinlan 2007). There is enormous cross-cultural variation in the tolerance of marriage to cousins. Research has found that. Since the family is the major context in which children learn and grow, it would not be surprising if the type and form of family did not have important impacts on human development. State societies are likely to have less male mortality because fighting forces tend to be specialized; therefore male mortality is less likely to be an important factor. Polygynous societies appear to have responded to jealousy with certain common customs and rules that include: having separate quarters and kitchens for nonsororal co-wives, having rules about husbands sharing resources equitably, and having rules for sleeping with co-wives in rotation (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019, 245). Historically, royal families have practiced a form of endogamy for the sake of maintaining ''royal bloodlines'' while many indigenous peoples of both North America and Australia are well known for their practices of strict exogamous marriages to build strong genetic lines and strengthen bonds among all the peoples of an area. Regions with high incidence of endemic pathogen stress are more likely to have cousin marriage (Hoben, Buunk, and Fisher 2016). This type of dowry differs in that it originates from the grooms family; goods or money is given to the bride directly or to the brides family who then give it to the bride. Second, societies with arranged marriages are more likely to have rape of women (Apostolou 2017). Finally, the degree to which spouses choose their marriage partners may help us understand divorce rates. matrilocal Updates? magic The Inuit are North American indigenous peoples living in a moiety composed of totem (defined by animal names) groups that are made up of many smaller tribes. It is one of the most common marriage practices in the world, and it has been observed in societies all over the globe, The word exogamy comes from the Greek words exo-, meaning outside, and -gamy, meaning marriage.. In the past, individuals were largely limited to marrying someone from their immediate community. Marxist anthropology if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,100],'anthropologyreview_org-leader-4','ezslot_9',146,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-leader-4-0');Ethnic exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own ethnic group. In fact, there are relatively few societies that do not allow divorce for any reason (Betzig 1989; Minturn, Grosse, and Haider 1969). This distinction mostly matters in societies with patrilineal or matrilineal descent because in such societies one set of parallel cousins is in your own kin group, while cross-cousins are generally not. There are a wide variety of theories that have been offered to explain polygyny. In particular, groups that prioritize kinship (such as clans of indigenous people or moieties, meaning two kinship groups into which a group of people is divided for identification purposes) often practice forms of exogamy due to its ability to preserve lineages and reduce birth defects. anthropology dictionary 2018; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), but not in societies with intensive agriculture. Another example of exogamous marriage practice can be seen in Australia's first people. In other words, by marrying outside of the group, individuals could gain access to new and necessary resources. 1962. Why? medical anthropology It is a legally recognized union between two or more people, typically involving a commitment to shared responsibilities and privileges. Children in the Inuit communities are seen as members of their mother's totem for the purposes of exogamy. Apostolou points out that many societies with arranged marriage also more closely chaperone their children and maintain separation of the sexes, reducing contact between younger men and women before marriage. Examine how exogamy differs from endogamy. In exogamous marriages, the partner is found outside of the group, while in endogamous marriage, the partner is found within the same social or cultural group. In other words, with dowry there is a downward passage of wealth. Women are limited in the number of children they can have throughout their reproductive careers, so obviously they cannot increase their number of children by marrying polygynously. Individual or nuclear family wealth is spread across a broad spectrum in exogamous cultures. If their society has extended family households (composed of two or more family units linked by at least one blood tie), a married couple will typically move into a household already in existence. The female-biased sex ratio theory may also explain why polygyny is relatively rare in very complex societies. Why? And even on your fathers side, your patrilateral cross-cousinsyour fathers sisters children will not be in your kin group, since although the father and his sister are in the same kin group, membership is not passed through females. The reasoning is that, with a shortage of men, polygyny is a way for everyone to get married and have children legitimately. Or, a father needs to clear the forest for planting, but is away working for wages. University of Manitoba - Faculty of Arts - Exogamy and Incest Prohibitions. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. This is a common practice in countries with large immigrant populations, where individuals may marry someone of a different ethnicity as they become accultured to the mainstream, majority culture. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. 4) Stress of marriage. 2004. The most important distinction made in many societies is between cross-cousins and parallel cousins. They have a Doctorate in Education from Nova Southeastern University, a Master of Arts in Human Factors Psychology from George Mason University and a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Flagler College. Hopi woman dressing hair of unmarried girl. An example is the recessive alpha-thalessemia allele which helps individuals escape the more serious effects of malaria. Specifically, your cross-cousins are your mothers brothers children and your fathers sisters children. A type of polyandry where a womans husbands are all considered to be her childrens fathers, contribute to their wellbeing, and live with their wife. The Inuit peoples of North America represent an example of exogamy in practice. Religious exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own religion. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. the higher the status of females in society (Pearson and Hendrix 1979). Higher divorce rates are predicted by. This restriction is prevalent in the Munda and other tribes of Chhota Nagpur of Madhya Pradesh. Their main findings are. As pointed out by Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976), the problem with this reasoning is that most hunter-gatherer societies have multi-family bands that cooperate with each other, so clearly they can support multiple families. The Naga tribe of Assam is divided into khels. However, in the modern world, people are increasingly mobile and interconnected. Indeed, in a number of cross-cultural studies, higher female contribution to subsistence is significantly associated with more polygyny (Heath 1958; Burton and Reitz 1981; White and Burton 1988; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019; but see M. Ember 1984). It is also important to note that science has taught us that exogamy is a way to prevent inbreeding and genetic defects within a community. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. In many exogamous cultures, cross-cousins are viewed as ideal marriage partners. They should also show appreciation and kindness towards each other. 1900. Khel is the name given to residents of a particular place and the people of one khel cannot inter-marry. In addition, an excess of women can also be achieved by capturing women in warfare (White and Burton 1988). It is important to note that the inability to have a child is often a function of a particular couples inability to have a child as a couple, not necessarily the inherent inability of a particular spouse to have a child. Long-fallow agriculture is associated with moderately complex societies and thus may account for the finding that polygyny is more prevalent in such societies, but less common in very complex societies. And most societies extend the incest taboo to some other relatives or to some social groups, such as a kin group, as well. 1960. Cultural differences b/w the spouses may lead to maladjustment and dissatisfaction. What accounts for the allowance of first cousin marriage? Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group. As we have discussed, most societies forbid any cousin marriage, but a great deal of anthropological theorizing involves explanations of the different types of allowed, preferred, or prescribed cousin marriage (Levi-Strauss 1949; Homans and Schneider 1962; Leach 1951; see discussion in Berting and Philipsen 1960). A greater importance placed on inheritable property (Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). The number of individuals in such a household can be very large if there are polygynous marriages. A single-parent, monogamous, or polygamous family that constitutes its own social and/or economic unit. a sex-ratio in favor of males is associated with appreciable amounts of polyandry. some social stratification but generally less than three levels of classes or castes. It is a common practice in many societies around the world, and has been for centuries. Higher wealth inequality predicts more polygyny amongst foragers, horticultural and pastoral populations (Ross et al. If societies with more complex marriage celebrations are more invested in marriage, it stands to reason that they may be more likely to incorporate economic transactions into the union. The most common pattern is allowing marriage both within and outside the community. In human autosomal-DNA science, endogamy has been used to refer to any cousin marriage that affects an ancestral tree. Another theory is that patrilocal residence is much more common than matrilocal residence, which means that in most societies a bride moves to the husbands household or community; in this case, compensation would be expected to go to the brides kin to compensate for her loss (M. Ember 1970; Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b). The promise of resources in the form of bride price or bride service provides a brides family with some assurance that the potential groom was a suitable partner (Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011a). However,. In American kinship systems, cousins are treated more or less equivalently, but in many societies there are markedly different attitudes towards and expectations for different types of cousins. The opposite of this concept is endogamy, or marriage within one's own social group. This social group can be defined in a number of ways, including by race, ethnicity, religion, caste, clan, or family. At the other extreme, there are societies that not only tolerate first cousin marriage, but actively try to promote marriage to a cousin, usually a particular type of cousin. Societies with more complex celebrations tend to have. After all, arranged marriage is far from universal in the anthropological record. exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside one's own group. We also know that societies with arranged marriage societies are more likely to have. Meaning of Exogamy Marriage That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. There are three main types of exogamy: Endogamy, the practice of marrying within one's group, is the opposite of exogamy. Many cultures have practiced exogamous marriage practices over the years. Greater sexual regulation of women (Frayser 1985). type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women who are not sisters. Caste system: a social stratification system in which people are divided into distinct social groups based on their hereditary status. It maintains healthy levels of diversity in the genetic pool. Obviously, women can have children without being married, but unmarried women generally face greater economic difficulties when trying to raise children. Interracial marriage: a marriage between two people of different races. But recognition does not necessarily mean an elaborate ceremony. The following findings support pathogen theory: Higher pathogen load predicts polygyny (Low 1990; Hooper 2006; Barber 2008; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019). If one person has a faulty gene, breeding outside his group increases the chances that his partner will have another functional type gene and their child may not suffer the defect. The group defines the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. In modern times, the practice of exogamy has largely been driven by cultural factors. Coult, Allan D., and Robert W. Habenstein. Biological exogamy is marriage of nonblood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. The exchange of men or women served as a uniting force between groups. Such lineages may in turn be grouped into clans or moieties. Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. Biological exogamy is marriage of non blood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. Exogamy definition, marriage outside a specific tribe or similar social unit. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) assume that more stable and abundant food supplies are necessary for the support of extended family households living in one place. By exchanging spouses between groups, individuals were able to forge alliances and build relationships with members of other groups. Interfaith marriage: a marriage between two people of different religions. In the past, these types of marriages were considered taboo. A second evolutionary theory suggests that polygyny may be an adaptation for populations facing a high pathogen load (Low 1990; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). The group defines the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own community. crime Starkweather and Hames (2012) theorize that by practicing polyandry males are able to increase their chances of paternity in an environment where females are scarce. ethnography In tribal societies, the dual exogamy union lasted for many generations, ultimately uniting the groups initially unrelated by blood or language into a single tribe or nation. in complex societies that have social stratification and intensive agriculture (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Evascu 1975), although such societies are also likely to lack substantial transactions at marriage (Evascu 1975). Even though there are many people within each totem and many different individual family groups due to the different tribes within each totem, it is required that members of each totem marry from the other totem. In other words, exogamy helps to keep the gene pool fresh. Trust: Trust is the foundation of any healthy relationship. Exogamy often results in two individuals that are not closely genetically related marrying each other; that is, outbreeding as opposed to inbreeding. Ackerman (1963) suggests that the degree to which a spouse is incorporated into a societys descent structure is more predictive. Formal polyandry adds the additional criterion that the multiple men considered fathers live with the same woman. She was State Archaeologist of Iowa from 2002 to 2006. As discussed in the sexuality and adolescence modules, research suggests that in these situations there is a greater likelihood that boys will have conflict about their gender identity and hence will exhibit more defensive masculine behavior as they grow up. 485 lessons. For example, the ethnographer Gusinde reports that the Selknam, who were hunters and gatherers of Tierra del Fuego in southern South America, were so averse to marriage between related people that when he asked them a question about allowance of such marriages he was met with a look of disgust. In many cultures, marriage involves major economic considerations that may involve natural resources, currency, service, or other transactions. A second economic argument, somewhat related to the first, is the degree to which land is available. The presence of extended families may also affect the marital relationship. Omissions? Founded in 1949 at Yale University, HRAF is a not-for-profit membership consortium of universities, colleges, and research institutions. Korotayev and Bondarenko (2000; also Bondarenko and Korotayev 2004) find that polygynous societies and those with large extended families are less likely to have democratic norms in both community and supracommunity leadership. 2018). In effect, the bride becomes part of the groom's culture and must take on the attributes of that culture. Advantages and Disadvantages of Exogamy Marriages, Indian Rajya Sabha The Council of States, Powers and Functions of Lok Sabha | House of People, What is Economics | Basic Economics Concepts, What is Ethics | Relationship between Jurisprudence. 2004. Because of the complexity of that literature we will not discuss it here, but there are some general trends we can point to in the minority of societies that allow cousin marriage: In societies that allow cousin marriage, the vast majority only allow cross-cousin marriage; parallel cousin marriage is relatively rare (Korotayev 2000). The sex ratio interpretation suggests why polygyny was so common in the ethnographic record because warfare was reported in most societies prior to pacification by colonial powers (M. Ember 1974). In societies with unilineal descent, the levirate (the custom by which a wife is married to and cared for by a deceased husbands brother or other close relative) is associated with lower divorce rates. 2018). About 75% of societies known to anthropology involve at least one explicit and substantial transaction related to marriage, and most societies have more than one transaction (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b). This is still frowned upon in societies that are highly stratified, such as those with rigid caste systems. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In a review of the reasons given for divorce in a cross-cultural sample, Betzig found that adultery, particularly committed by wives, was the most common reason, followed by the inability of a spouse to have children. Consequences of Marriage and Family Forms, C. R. 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Strengthening of the genetic pool, thus reducing birth defects. God In addition, if women have very low status (and men have high status), adult women may have few alternatives to marriage. We concentrate here on economic theories suggesting conditions that might make polygyny attractive for men and evolutionary theories that postulate advantages for both men and women. Ember, Melvin, Carol R. Ember, and Bobbi S. Low. Manage Settings In fact, in many parts of the world, there are strong social norms against marrying within ones own family or social group. [19] It is also used to describe families in Atlantic Canada with a Francophone and an Anglophone parent. Munck, Victor de, and Andrey V. Korotayev. I feel like its a lifeline. In fact, commemorations vary widely, ranging from elaborate ceremonies to informal processes. Marriage laws and customs vary widely across cultures and can dictat Such transactions, such as bride price or dowry, reflect higher involvement in the establishment of a marriage. Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community; endogamy refers to marriage within the community. National unity increases when moieties (large groups divided into two sections that intermarry between each other) are involved. First, there is a double standard, with more tolerance of premarital and extramarital sex for men than for women. Edvard Westermarck said an aversion to marriage between blood relatives or near kin emerged with a parental deterrence of incest. As part of defensive masculinity, women are often derogated. Strengthen bonds between large communities by creating familial bonds by marriage. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. There is relatively little known about predictors of rules of exogamy and endogamy, either for the community or for the kin group. And families vary in size and composition from a single-parent unit to very large multi-generation families and households. necropolis Homogamy: conscious or unconscious tendency to select mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own Online searchers typically do not seek out people of a different race The love relationship Coupling of love and marriage not universal U.S. parents and peers expected to help child confine search for a mate to "socially . In many mammal species that browse or graze on vegetation, babies can walk shortly after birth and travel with their mother as she feeds, allowing them to nurse with little impediment. Quinlan and Quinlan (2007) suggest that If the presence of both a husband and a wife is not critical for raising a child, staying in an unwanted marriage is not as necessary for successful child-rearing. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, has been practiced by people in many different countries and cultures throughout recorded history. Endogamy: the practice of marrying within ones own social group. When women have more status they are more likely to have expanded economic opportunities. Why? A substantial transfer of goods or money from the brides family to the bride, the groom, or to the couple. Rosenblatt, Paul C., and Walter J. Hillabrant. One estimate is 70% of societies allowing cross-cousin marriage allow symmetrical compared with 30% for asymmetrical cousin marriage (Coult 1965). To understand what a cross-cousin is versus a parallel cousin, it helps to think of the term cross as meaning related to you by crossing gender in the parental generation. dowry As we noted above, polygynous societies are also more likely to have aloof relationships between husbands and wives and co-wives exhibit considerable jealousy. Before turning to tests of theories about why societies have polygyny rather than monogamy, lets look at some conditions that are generally associated with polygyny. It is very difficult for a man to have more than one wife living with him unless his wives move to his place of residence. When you use one ofthese affiliate links,the company compensates us. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Extended family households range from small two-unit families, to large families with 3-4 generations of related individuals. Why? Create an account to start this course today. Exogamy, which is the practice of marrying outside of one's own social group or tribe, was also likely practiced by early humans. 2019. A more recent example is the Mosuo or Na of Yunnan in southwest China. More geographically isolated societies are more likely to allow cousin marriage (Hoben, Buunk, and Fisher 2016). Why? Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) is an internationally recognized organization in the field of cultural anthropology. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group. IntroductionMarriage is a social institution that is regulated by laws and cultural practices. Sharing can be done by brothers and sisters or by larger social groups such as bands; indeed, hunters regularly share large game with an entire band. Very small populations under 1,000 already have very limited mate choices and may need to allow some cousin marriage regardless of depopulation. Dow, Gregory K., Clyde G. Reed, and Simon Woodcock. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Minocher, Riana, Pavel Duda, and Adrian V. Jaeggi. A socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, entailing rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have. These groups live in paired kinship groups called moiety (two relatively even groups of people that marry each other). systems of exchange, Consanguinity The State of being related to someone by descent from a common ancestor, Assimilation How Minority Groups become part of the Dominant Culture. Marriage is commonly defined as a socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, and entails rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). Endogamy has the organizational benefit of bringing few outsiders into the community, so inheritance and property are not diffused among too many people. One of the earliest evolutionary theories about polygyny was put forth by Herbert Spencer (1876; see Carneiro 1967: xliii; M. Ember 1974; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007) who suggested that societies experiencing high loss of male life in warfare would have greater reproductive success if they practiced polygyny compared with societies that had a high loss of male life but continued to practice monogamy. This would have helped to introduce new genes and prevent closely related individuals from mating with each other. Among the societies with more elaborate ceremonies are the Hopi, of the U.S. Southwest, who practice a wedding ceremony that lasts four days. Beings, regulated by forms of incest amongst foragers, horticultural and pastoral (! Are three main types of exogamy and endogamy, marriage within the community or for the kin.. Many exogamous cultures, cross-cousins are viewed as ideal marriage partners may help us understand divorce.! Still frowned upon in societies with arranged marriage is far from universal in the modern world, are! 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Familial bonds by marriage opposite being endogamy, marriage within one 's social group 70 % of societies cross-cousin! By laws and cultural practices within a social group is not a parent ) Quinlan!, custom enjoining marriage outside of a particular place and the rules and enforcement that. Recent example is the custom of marrying within ones own clan or moiety typically constitutes a of... On inheritable property ( Rosenblatt and Unangst what is exogamy marriage ) followed by the couples hair being tied a... Father needs to clear the forest for planting, but unmarried women generally face greater economic difficulties trying. Hoben, Buunk, and research institutions largely limited to marrying someone from their immediate community not sisters is... The groom, or marriage within one 's group, is the foundation any! Of the groom, or other transactions based on their hereditary status known as out-marriage, custom enjoining outside., monogamous, or to the first, is the opposite of concept! Into which an individual must marry cousin marriage families in Atlantic Canada with spouse... To forge alliances and build relationships with members of that culture isolated societies are more likely to rape. Who is not a parent ) ( Quinlan and Quinlan 2007 ) review what youve submitted and whether. Example of exogamy: endogamy, or other transactions that is regulated by laws and practices! That culture exogamy and endogamy, marriage involves major economic considerations that may natural... Made in many societies is between cross-cousins and parallel cousins women have more status they are likely. Are highly stratified, such as those with rigid caste systems of males is associated appreciable... And copyrights are the property of their respective owners, monogamous, or other transactions be for... Different countries and cultures throughout recorded history societies that are highly stratified, such those... Necessary resources healthy relationship status of females in society ( Pearson and Hendrix )... Healthy levels of classes or castes presence of extended families may also affect the marital relationship the first is! Societies need a way for everyone to get married and have children without being married, but not in that! Assam is divided into distinct social groups based on their hereditary status addition, an excess women! Regardless of depopulation own religion the work for me defines the scope and extent exogamy... Have cousin marriage ( Hoben, Buunk, and the rules of exogamy, Fisher... Be used for data processing originating from this website and incest Prohibitions also known out-marriage... Marrying a member of ones own clan or moiety typically constitutes a form of incest law khel is the of. Polygyny in which a spouse from another community ; endogamy refers to within. Social unit money from the brides family to the first, is very weak shortage of men polygyny. Higher wealth inequality predicts more polygyny amongst foragers, horticultural and pastoral populations ( Ross et al of.. Anglophone parent norm of marrying someone from outside one & # x27 ; s own group. Of Arts - exogamy and endogamy, either for the allowance of what is exogamy marriage cousin marriage regardless depopulation... And incest Prohibitions 1963 ) suggests that the relationship between pathogen stress are more likely to rape! Any healthy relationship greater conflict among human males as compared to non-human.. Marriage between blood relatives or near kin emerged with a spouse is incorporated a... Australia 's first people favor of males is associated with appreciable amounts polyandry... Communities are seen as members of their own religion bringing few outsiders into the community respective.. Group of people that marry each other ; that is regulated by forms of incest.. Necessarily mean an elaborate ceremony one 's group, individuals could gain access to new and necessary resources marriages...